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971.
Daniel O. Suman 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1988,6(1-2):21-34
Although extensive areas of forests and grasslands are burned in the tropics, relatively little scientific attention has been focused on this phenomenon. In order to determine the land area burned and estimate the charcoal (elemental or graphitic carbon) produced, I monitored agricultural burning in a 1145 km2 area in central Panama during the 1981 dry season. Over 10% of the land surface was burned in that year. Charcoal concentrations in the aerosol were also measured and reached values of 3.1 gC/m3 during the peak in burning. Off-peak values of aerosol charcoal are less than 1 gC/m3. The high charcoal concentration reflects the massive amounts of vegetational burning occurring in the area.The charcoal advected by the air mass flowing over the area has been estimated using a box model. Assuming an average aerosol concentration of charcoal of 1 gC/m3 for a three-month burning period, a 2 km atmospheric mixed layer, a 14 km/h wind velocity to the south, and a 150 km wide zone across the western Gulf of Panama watershed, I estimate that, during the dry season, 9×109 g charcoal are mobilized by the troposphere. If 4.1×1012 g phytomass are annually burned in this region, then the charcoal emission factor to the troposphere is 2.2×10–3. 相似文献
972.
河北滦县、蓟县、北京十三陵三个地方的常州沟组宇宙尘是在人工重砂的重矿物中发现的,产在古老沉积岩地层中的砾岩和砂岩里,大部分是铁质宇宙尘,形态各异,表面构造多种多样,内部构造各有不同,具Fe—Ni金属,核与壳的化学元素分布不匀匀,化学成分与深海宇宙尘相似。 相似文献
973.
Regional distribution of Al-silicates and metamorphic zonation in the low-grade Verrucano metasediments from the Northern Apennines, Italy 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract Mineralogical and petrological studies of Triassic Verrucano metasediments of the Northern Apennines are reported. The widespread occurrence of Al-silicates allows the delineation of four metamorphic zones with increasing metamorphic grade: (1) kaolinite zone (well Perugia 2, Umbria); (2) kaolinite-pyro-phyllite zone (Monte Argentario and part of the Verrucano of the Monticiano-Roccastrada area and Monti Leoni); (3) pyrophyllite zone (Monti Pisani, Iano, Monti Leoni, the Monticiano-Roccastrada area and some wells in the Larderello region); (4) kyanite zone (Massa area and some wells in the Larderello area).
The four metamorphic zones correspond to temperatures ranging from 300°C to about 450°C. On the basis of the Si content of muscovite and geological arguments, pressures of between 3 and 5 kbar are estimated. The metamorphic zones are located more or less parallel to the bent north-west-south-east trending structural zonation of the Northern Apennines, with the concave side towards the Tyhrrenian Sea.
During the Alpine orogeny, the Verrucano metasediments underwent three folding phases each of which has produced an axial plane schistosity (S1 , S2 , S3 ). During the first folding phase the Verrucano sediments were buried increasingly deeply within the crust from east to west. The climax of Alpine metamorphism was attained prior to the second folding phase with crystallization of porphyroblasts of kyanite and chloritoid in a central area located between Massa and Larderello. The inferred paleo-temperature distribution pattern resembles an asymmetric thermal high defined by the kyanite zone, and surrounded by the pyrophyllite zone. A similar pattern is still present in the Tuscan crust, as indicated by a series of geothermal anomalies passing through the Northern Apennines. 相似文献
The four metamorphic zones correspond to temperatures ranging from 300°C to about 450°C. On the basis of the Si content of muscovite and geological arguments, pressures of between 3 and 5 kbar are estimated. The metamorphic zones are located more or less parallel to the bent north-west-south-east trending structural zonation of the Northern Apennines, with the concave side towards the Tyhrrenian Sea.
During the Alpine orogeny, the Verrucano metasediments underwent three folding phases each of which has produced an axial plane schistosity (S
974.
Determinations of reactive oxygen-containing functional groups were performed by usual chemical derivatization methods of four humic acids isolated from soils and deltaic sediments. Statistical tests and calculations based on elemental analysis demonstrated the validity and limits of these techniques and allowed us to identify from 60 to 71% of the total humic oxygen. Oxygen budgets of humic acids are discussed. 相似文献
975.
大龙山岩体和城山岩体的铅同位素组成特征及其成因探讨 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
详细研究了大龙山岩体和城山岩体钾长石的铅同位素组成,并参考这些岩体的黑云母化学成分、锶同位素、稀土元素、岩石化学和地球物理资料,发现它们是多阶段侵入的复式岩体,与庐枞火山岩系有渊源关系,属燕山晚期岩浆活动的产物。它们的初始成岩物质来源于上地幔部分熔融,岩浆上升侵位过程中已不同程度地受到了上部地壳的混染。经计算,其中约有61.6%的铅来自上地幔,约有38.4%铅来自上地壳,该区陆壳的乎均年龄约26亿年,陆壳在演化过程中具有富铀的趋势。这些岩体与深大断裂和地幔隆起有成因上的密切联系。 相似文献
976.
Wollastonite and scapolite in Precambrian calc-silicate granulites from Australia and Antarctica 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Abstract Scapolite, wollastonite, calcite, diopside, grossular-andradite garnet and sphene occur in calc-silicate rocks in the granulite terrain of the Arunta Block, central Australia. This assemblage buffers the CO2 activity at a low value, so that any coexisting fluid phase must be H2 O rich and CO2 poor ( X co2 = 0.2-0.3). In contrast, the H2 O activity in the surrounding felsic and mafic granulites was low. Thus fluid activities during granulite facies metamorphism were locally buffered in various rock units and fluid flow appears to have been restricted or fluid may have been absent. Late retrograde rims of garnet and garnet-quartz separate phases formed in the high-grade stage. Formation of these rims would have required either an influx of water-rich fluid or a decrease in pressure. Evidence from the surrounding granulites shows that in one locality, the calc-silicate rocks had undergone late isobaric hydration; in another locality, minor uplift had occurred soon after peak P-T conditions. In both, scapolite had partly broken down to plagioclase-calite. A calc silicate rock from the granulite terrain of Enderby Land, Antarctica, contains scapolite, wollastonite, calcite, diopside, quartz and sphene; this assemblage also indicates low CO2 activities. In this rock, wollastonite has broken down to calcite-quartz, to indicate isobaric cooling without influx of hydrous fluid. 相似文献
977.
S. K. Bhattacharya S. K. Gupta R. V. Krishnamurthy 《Journal of Earth System Science》1985,94(3):283-295
A comprehensive set of measurements of oxygen and hydrogen isotopic ratios in groundwaters as well as waters from rivers,
lakes, hot springs etc. taken from a variety of locations in India has been carried out for the first time. Isotopically the
most depleted samples occur in the high altitude precipitations in the Himalayas e.g. in the lakes of Bhutan and the source
water of the Ganga. The shallow groundwater data display a continental effect where the heavy isotope content decreases with
distance from the coast (about 4 to 6 per mil decrease in δ18O per 1000 km). The δ D and δ18O of these fresh waters are linearly related and an analysis of this relation vis-a-vis the meteoric water line shows the
unambiguous effect of enrichment due to evaporation from soils. 相似文献
978.
C. Camy-Peyret J. -M. Flaud A. Perrin C. P. Rinsland A. Goldman F. J. Murcray 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1993,16(1):31-40
Stratospheric volume mixing ratio profiles of N2O5, CH4, and N2O have been retrieved from a set of 0.052 cm–1 resolution (FWHM) solar occultation spectra recorded at sunrise during a balloon flight from Aire sur l'Adour, France (44° N latitude) on 12 October 1990. The N2O5 results have been derived from measurements of the integrated absorption by the 1246 cm–1 band. Assuming a total intensity of 4.32×10–17 cm–1/molecule cm–2 independent of temperature, the retrieved N2O5 volume mixing ratios in ppbv (parts per billion by volume, 10–9), interpolated to 2 km height spacings, are 1.64±0.49 at 37.5 km, 1.92±0.56 at 35.5 km, 2.06±0.47 at 33.5 km, 1.95±0.42 at 31.5 km, 1.60±0.33 at 29.5 km, 1.26±0.28 at 27.5 km, and 0.85±0.20 at 25.5 km. Error bars indicate the estimated 1- uncertainty including the error in the total band intensity (±20% has been assumed). The retrieved profiles are compared with previous measurements and photochemical model results.Laboratoire associé aux Universités Pierre et Marie Curie et Paris Sud. 相似文献
979.
980.
A kilometre-scale shear zone is recognized in the Cambro–Ordovician schist of the Bossòst dome, a Variscan metamorphic and structural dome in the Axial Zone of the central Pyrenees. Non-coaxial deformation is recorded by rotated garnet and staurolite porphyroblasts following regional metamorphism M1, while coaxial conditions prevailed during later contact metamorphic M2 growth of andalusite and cordierite. Mineral compositions and bulk rock analyses show that garnet–staurolite–andalusite–cordierite assemblages are significantly enriched in Mg and Mn over the garnet–staurolite assemblage, which lacks sufficient Mg for cordierite to form. The garnet–staurolite assemblage preserves conditions during M1, estimated by AFM diagrams and P–T pseudosections to be 5.5 kbar and 580 °C, respectively. Pseudosections also indicate that staurolite is not a stable phase in cordierite–andalusite assemblages of M2, suggesting polyphase metamorphism and decompression along a clockwise P–T path for the staurolite–cordierite–andalusite assemblages. This concurs with proposed extensional tectonics along the regional shear zone. To cite this article: J.E. Mezger et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004). 相似文献